The fixed material for semi-conductors mainly has the electrical resistance amid that of a conductor and a non-conductor. Changes in temperature or the part of “impurities” also affect the electrical resistance.

The term “impurities” refers to the other substances mixed to the material. The final combination defines the semiconductors as diodes of type-n or type-t.

Diodes and transistors are manufactured of the two kinds of semi-conductorsilicon is necessary to create semi-conductors nowadays.

Diode also is the electronic unit created of semi-conductor substance. It helps electrical current flow only in one sense. In every single diode there is a layer created of positive and negative constructions (written as p- and n-) and of so-called barrier level (known as pn-transfer). Diodes create electrical schemes converting between direct and alternating current. As diodes make current go just in one direction only a part of the series or cycle passes by. Rectifier is the expression for such a junction.

Speaking of the light diodes fixed as LED, they are necessary to generate light at little voltages avoiding producing heat. Those diodes are applied in all kinds of up-to-date electronic gadgets like TV sets or audio systems specially to mark the idle state.

Moore’s law gave way to the growth of thyristors theory. What is the most important point to manufacture complicated power semiconductor gadgets at smaller cost? That’s lithography. Because that optical lithography is already outdated, there’s these days a tendency for other techniques. It is now actively being replaced by more modern ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography. Since not long time ago scientists also see x-ray lithography and electron beam lithography as good substitutes.

In Russia pulsed power devices were invented. People need those sensors to fulfil lots of tasks in any conditions. The igbt modules find their use in business, manufacture and everyday devices. The shape and value of the voltage sensor can change from those small light detectors to complicated counters signaling on radiation changes.

It’s still no chance for the current sensors to function on their own. There are power system programmes responsible for numerous dispatch operations. They allow the check of scheduled power interchange between the two power systems, state of circuit breakers in dependent station and of system parameters like voltage, frequency, power flow. They also allow to deal with system signals and find suitable action for each.

The dispatchers function correctly in all these cases if they are provided with a complete snap-shot of the power system. The data is received from some computers in various dependent stations. With the help of respective interfacing components the state of CB’s, igct, isolators and analog values such as MVAR, MW, KV, Amps or others was captured in the RTU. The greatest success in export belongs to Russian Federation and China.